Published by Pearson (September 13, 2021) © 2021
William StallingsGain a Deep, Practical Understanding of 5G Technology, Applications, Architecture, Standards, and Ecosystem
The 5G ultra-high-speed wireless communication standard is a major technological leap forward--substantially increasing speed and capacity, enhancing current use cases, and making many new applications practical. For technical professionals, managers, and students, 5G requires significant new knowledge and expertise. In 5G Wireless: A Comprehensive Introduction, renowned information technology author William Stallings presents a comprehensive and unified explanation of 5G's key applications, technologies, and standards.
Like Stallings' other award-winning texts, this guide will help you quickly find the information and gain the mastery to succeed with critical new technology. Stallings first explains how cellular networks have evolved through 4G and now 5G, and surveys 5G's application areas and use cases. Next, he thoroughly introduces the 5G core network, covering SDN, NFV, network slicing, QoS, and edge computing--and provides a detailed coverage of the 5G air interface and radio access network. Throughout, key concepts are illuminated through realistic examples, review questions help you test your understanding, and references support further exploration.
- Understand the 5G ecosystem, its building blocks, standards, and R&D roadmaps
- Explore the Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) use case, where 5G enhances 4G in applications such as smart offices and dense urban communications
- Learn how Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC) and Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLCC) support new applications such as fog, IoT, and cloud
- Discover how 5G NextGen core (backbone) networks serve and interconnect wireless access networks that connect user devices
- Master key 5G NR Air Interface and Radio Access Network (RAN) concepts, including millimeter-wave transmission, MIMO antennas, and OFDM multiplexing
Preface xxiv
PART I: OVERVIEW
Chapter 1: Cellular Networks: Concepts and Evolution 2
1.1 Evolution of Cellular Networks 2
1.2 Cellular Network Concepts 4
Cellular Organization 4
Network System Elements 10
Operation of Cellular Systems 11
1.3 First Generation (1G) 14
1.4 Second Generation (2G) 15
Time-Division Multiple Access 16
GSM Architecture 17
Radio Link Aspects 20
1.5 Third Generation (3G) 20
Code-Division Multiple Access 21
3G Architecture 21
1.6 Fourth Generation (4G) 24
E-UTRAN 26
LTE-Advanced Transmission Characteristics 29
Evolved Packet Core 33
1.7 Key Terms and Review Questions 34
Key Terms 34
Review Questions 35
Chapter 2: 5G Standards and Specifications 36
2.1 ITU-R and IMT-2020 37
International Mobile Telecommunications 38
Capabilities 38
Usage Scenarios 41
Use Cases 43
Evaluation 46
2.2 ITU-T and IMT-2020 57
Requirements 57
Network Slicing 59
Fixed Mobile Convergence 61
IMT-2020 Core Network Framework 62
2.3 3GPP 65
3GPP Releases 69
Detailed Requirements 70
2.4 Key Terms and Review Questions 72
Key Terms 72
Review Questions 73
2.5 References and Documents 74
References 74
Documents 74
Chapter 3: Overview of 5G Use Cases and Architecture 76
3.1 5G Use Cases 77
ITU-R 77
5G Americas 77
NGMA Alliance 79
3.2 NGMN 5G Architecture Framework 81
Layered Functionality 82
Network Slicing 85
3.3 3GPP 5G Architecture 87
5G Core Network Architecture 87
Radio Access Network Architecture 94
Session Establishment 97
3.4 Key Terms and Review Questions 98
Key Terms 98
Review Questions 99
3.5 References and Documents 99
References 99
Documents 100
PART II: USE CASES AND APPLICATIONS
Chapter 4: Enhanced Mobile Broadband 102
4.1 eMBB Deployment Scenarios 103
Indoor Hotspot 104
Dense Urban 105
Rural 105
4.2 eMBB Performance Characteristics 105
Data Rate Requirements 106
Spectral Efficiency Requirements 107
Latency Requirements 108
Mobility Requirements 108
System Requirements 109
4.3 Smart Office: An Indoor Hotspot Use Case 110
4.4 Dense Urban Information Society: A Dense Urban Use Case 111
4.5 Radiocommunication Systems Between Train and Trackside: A Rural eMBB Use Case 113
Elements of RSTT 114
Applications of RSTT 114
Broadband Connectivity for Passengers 116
Linear Cell Architecture 117
4.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 118
Key Terms 118
Review Questions 118
4.7 References and Documents 119
References 119
Documents 119
Chapter 5: Massive Machine Type Communications 122
5.1 mMTC Performance Requirements 123
5.2 The Internet of Things 124
The Scope of the Internet of Things 125
Things on the Internet of Things 128
Components of IoT-Enabled Things 128
Constrained Devices 129
IoT and Cloud Context 130
5.3 Relationship Between mMTC and the IoT 133
5.4 Relationship Between mMTC and NB-IoT and eMTC 135
Comparison of NB-IoT and eMTC 135
Low-Power Wide Area (LPWA) 136
5.5 Smart Agriculture 138
Model of IoT Deployment 138
Use Cases 140
Precision Crop Management 145
Network Performance Requirements 150
5.6 Smart Cities 150
Smart City Use Cases 151
ICT Architecture for Smart Cities 158
Network Performance Requirements 160
5.7 Key Terms and Review Questions 162
Key Terms 162
Review Questions 163
5.8 References and Documents 163
References 163
Documents 164
Chapter 6: Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications 166
6.1 URLLC Performance Requirements 167
Latency 168
Mobility 169
Reliability 170
NGMN Definitions 170
6.2 URLLC Use Cases in Emerging Mission-Critical Applications 171
Industrial Automation 171
Ground Vehicles, Drones, and Robots 171
Tactile Interaction 171
Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality 172
Emergencies, Disasters, and Public Safety 176
Urgent Healthcare 176
Intelligent Transportation 177
6.3 URLLC Applications Based on Performance Requirements 178
Higher Reliability and Lower Latency 179
Higher Reliability, Higher Availability, and Lower Latency 180
Very Low Latency 181
Higher Accuracy Positioning 181
Higher Availability 181
Mission-Critical Services 182
6.4 Industry 4.0 182
Factory Automation Architecture 183
Application Areas 185
Use Cases 187
Performance Requirements 189
6.5 Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Management 191
UTM Architecture 192
5G Performance Requirements for UTM 194
6.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 197
Key Terms 197
Review Questions 198
6.7 References and Documents 199
References 199
Documents 199
PART III: 5G NEXTGEN CORE NETWORK
Chapter 7: Software-Defined Networking 202
7.1 Evolving Network Requirements 203
7.2 The SDN Approach 204
Modern Network Requirements 204
SDN Architecture 204
Characteristics of Software-Defined Networking 207
7.3 SDN Data Plane 207
Data Plane Functions 207
Data Plane Protocols 209
7.4 OpenFlow 209
Flow Table Structure 211
Flow Table Pipeline 214
The Use of Multiple Tables 216
Group Table 217
OpenFlow Protocol 217
7.5 SDN Control Plane 218
Control Plane Functions 218
Southbound Interface 220
Northbound Interface 220
Eastbound Interface 223
Westbound Interface 224
7.6 SDN Application Plane 225
Application Plane Architecture 225
Northbound Interface 226
Network Services Abstraction Layer 226
Network Applications 226
User Interface 230
7.7 Key Terms and Review Questions 230
Key Terms 230
Review Questions 231
7.8 References and Documents 231
References 231
Documents 232
Chapter 8: Network Functions Virtualization 234
8.1 Background and Motivation for NFV 235
8.2 Virtual Machines and Containers 236
Hypervisor 236
Architectural Approaches 238
Container Virtualization 241
8.3 NFV Concepts 242
Simple Example of the Use of NFV 245
NFV Principles 246
High-Level NFV Framework 246
8.4 NFV Benefits and Requirements 248
NFV Benefits 248
NFV Requirements 249
8.5 NFV Reference Architecture 250
NFV Management and Orchestration 251
Reference Points 251
8.6 NFV Infrastructure 252
Container Interface 253
Deployment of NFVI Containers 256
Logical Structure of NFVI Domains 257
Compute Domain 258
Hypervisor Domain 260
Infrastructure Network Domain 261
8.7 Virtualized Network Functions 263
VNF Interfaces 263
VNFC-to-VNFC Communication 264
VNF Scaling 266
8.8 SDN and NFV 267
8.9 Key Terms and Review Questions 269
Key Terms 269
Review Questions 270
8.10 References and Documents 271
References 271
Documents 271
Chapter 9: Core Network Functionality, QoS, and Network Slicing 272
9.1 Core Network Requirements 273
Network Operational Requirements 273
Basic Network Requirements 275
9.2 Core Network Functional Architecture 279
Tunneling 281
PDU Session Establishment 283
Policy Control Function 287
9.3 Quality of Service 291
QoS Capabilities 291
QoS Architectural Framework 294
QoS Classification, Marking, and Differentiation 297
3GPP QoS Architecture 298
QoS Parameters 299
QoS Characteristics 301
Standardized 5QI-to-QoS Characteristic Mapping 303
9.4 Network Slicing 307
Network Slicing Concepts 308
Requirements for Network Slicing 310
Identifying and Selecting a Network Slice 312
Functional Aspects of Network Slicing 313
Generic Slice Template 314
9.5 SDN and NFV Support for 5G 315
9.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 319
Key Terms 319
Review Questions 319
9.7 References and Documents 320
References 320
Documents 320
Chapter 10: Multi-Access Edge Computing 322
10.1 MEC and 5G 323
10.2 MEC Architectural Concepts 324
10.3 ETSI MEC Architecture 327
Design Principles 328
MEC System Reference Architecture 329
Related Elements 332
10.4 MEC in NFV 333
MEC Components Implemented as VNFs 333
MEC Components Replaced by NFV Components 335
MEC System-Level Components 335
10.5 MEC Support for Network Slicing 335
10.6 MEC Use Cases 336
Consumer-Oriented Services 337
Operator and Third-Party Services 342
Network Performance and QoS Improvements 344
10.7 3GPP Architecture for Enabling Edge Applications 349
EDGEAPP Functional Architecture 350
Synergized Mobile Edge Cloud Architecture 352
10.8 Key Terms and Review Questions 353
Key Terms 353
Review Questions 353
10.9 References and Documents 354
References 354
Documents 355
PART IV: 5G NR AIR INTERFACE AND RADIO ACCESS NETWORK
Chapter 11: Wireless Transmission 356
11.1 Channel Capacity 357
Nyquist Bandwidth 357
Shannon Capacity Formula 358
11.2 Line-of-Sight Transmission 361
Refraction 362
Optical and Radio Line of Sight 363
11.3 Line-of-Sight Transmission Impairments 364
Attenuation 364
Free Space Loss 365
Path Loss Exponent in Practical Cellular Systems 368
Noise 369
The Expression Eb/N0 372
Atmospheric Absorption 374
Multipath 375
Refraction 376
11.4 Fading in the Mobile Environment 376
Multipath Propagation 376
The Effects of Multipath Propagation 377
Types of Fading 378
The Fading Channel 379
11.5 Millimeter Wave Transmission for 5G 381
Propagation Impairments 381
Implications for 5G 385
11.6 Key Terms and Review Questions 387
Key Terms 387
Review Questions 388
11.7 References 389
ANNEX 11A: Decibels and Signal Strength 389
Chapter 12: Antennas 394
12.1 Channel Correction Mechanisms 394
Adaptive Equalization 395
Diversity Techniques 396
Adaptive Modulation and Coding 398
Forward Error Correction 398
12.2 Introduction to Antennas 399
Radiation Patterns 399
Antenna Types 401
Antenna Gain 406
12.3 Multiple-Input/Multiple-Output (MIMO) Antennas 407
MIMO Principles 408
Multiple-User MIMO 410
12.4 Advanced Cellular Antennas 411
Evolution of Cellular Antennas 411
Beamforming 412
Active Antenna Systems 416
Massive MIMO 417
12.5 Key Terms and Review Questions 420
Key Terms 420
Review Questions 421
12.6 References 422
Chapter 13: Air Interface Physical Layer 424
13.1 Modulation Schemes 424
Modulation 425
Amplitude-Shift Keying 425
Frequency-Shift Keying 426
Phase-Shift Keying 426
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 433
pi/2-BPSK 437
13.2 OFDM, OFDMA, and SC-FDMA 438
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing 438
OFDM Implementation 441
Difficulties of OFDM 444
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access 445
Single-Carrier FDMA 446
13.3 Waveforms and Numerologies 448
Numerology 448
CP-OFDM 449
DFT-S-OFDM 450
13.4 Key Terms and Review Questions 451
Key Terms 451
Review Questions 452
13.5 References and Documents 453
References 453
Documents 453
ANNEX 13A: Multiplexing and Multiple Access 453
Multiplexing 453
Multiple Access 455
Chapter 14: Air Interface Channel Coding 456
14.1 Transmission Errors 457
Error Burst 457
Data Transmission Channels 458
14.2 Forward Error Correction 460
Block Error Correction 460
Hamming Distance 462
14.3 Parity-Check Matrix Codes 466
Encoding 469
Error Detection 470
Error Correction 470
14.4 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 471
Code Construction 472
Error Correction 473
Encoding 476
14.5 Polar Coding 476
Polar Encoder 477
Synthetic Channels 479
Decoding 483
14.6 3GPP Channel Coding Specification 484
Quasi-Cyclic Low-Density Parity-Check Codes 485
Polar Coding with CRC 486
14.7 Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request 488
14.8 Key Terms and Review Questions 490
Key Terms 490
Review Questions 490
14.9 References and Documents 491
References 491
Documents 492
Chapter 15: 5G Radio Access Network 494
15.1 Overall RAN Architecture 494
15.2 RAN–Core Functional Split 499
RAN Functional Areas 500
Core Functional Areas 501
15.3 RAN Channel Structure 502
Logical Channel 503
Transport Channels 503
Physical Channels 504
15.4 RAN Protocol Architecture 505
Air Interface Protocol Architecture 505
Channel Structure 508
RAN–Core Network Interface Protocol Architecture 509
Xn Interface Protocol Architecture 511
15.5 NG RAN Transport Network 512
15.6 Integrated Access and Backhaul 517
IAB Architecture 519
Parent/Child Relationship 520
IAB Protocol Architecture 520
15.7 Key Terms and Review Questions 523
Key Terms 523
Review Questions 524
15.8 References and Documents 525
References 525
Documents 525
PART V: APPENDIXES
Appendix A: Review Questions and Solutions 528
Appendix B: Glossary 594
Appendix C: Acronyms 604
Index 608