Published by Addison-Wesley Professional (June 29, 2022) © 2022
David Levine | David StephanTHE GUIDE FOR ANYONE AFRAID TO LEARN STATISTICS & ANALYTICS UPDATED WITH NEW EXAMPLES & EXERCISES
This book discusses statistics and analytics using plain language and avoiding mathematical jargon. If you thought you couldn't learn these data analysis subjects because they were too technical or too mathematical, this book is for you!
This edition delivers more everyday examples and end-of-chapter exercises and contains updated instructions for using Microsoft Excel. You'll use downloadable data sets and spreadsheet solutions, template-based solutions you can put right to work. Using this book, you will understand the important concepts of statistics and analytics, including learning the basic vocabulary of these subjects.
- Create tabular and visual summaries and learn to avoid common charting errors
- Gain experience working with common descriptive statistics measures including the mean, median, and mode; and standard deviation and variance, among others
- Understand the probability concepts that underlie inferential statistics
- Learn how to apply hypothesis tests, using Z, t, chi-square, ANOVA, and other techniques
- Develop skills using regression analysis, the most commonly-used Inferential statistical method
- Explore results produced by predictive analytics software
- Choose the right statistical or analytic techniques for any data analysis task
- Optionally, read the “Equation Blackboards,” designed for readers who want to learn about the mathematical foundations of selected methods
Introduction The Even You Can Learn Statistics and Analytics Owner's Manual. xiii
Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Statistics. 1
1.1 The First Three Words of Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 The Fourth and Fifth Words. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 The Branches of Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.4 Sources of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Sampling Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.6 Sample Selection Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Chapter 2 Presenting Data in Tables and Charts . 15
2.1 Presenting Categorical Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Presenting Numerical Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3 “Bad” Charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Chapter 3 Descriptive Statistics. 45
3.1 Measures of Central Tendency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2 Measures of Position. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.3 Measures of Variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.4 Shape of Distributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Chapter 4 Probability. 75
4.1 Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
4.2 More Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.3 Some Rules of Probability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
4.4 Assigning Probabilities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Chapter 5 Probability Distributions. 87
5.1 Probability Distributions for Discrete Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.2 The Binomial and Poisson Probability Distributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.3 Continuous Probability Distributions and the Normal Distribution . . . . . . . 100
5.4 The Normal Probability Plot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Chapter 6 Sampling Distributions and Confidence Intervals. 121
6.1 Foundational Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
6.2 Sampling Error and Confidence Intervals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
6.3 Confidence Interval Estimate for the Mean Using the t Distribution (? Unknown). . . 128
6.4 Confidence Interval Estimation for Categorical Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.5 Confidence Interval Estimation When Normality Cannot Be Assumed. . . . . 134
Chapter 7 Fundamentals of Hypothesis Testing. 145
7.1 The Null and Alternative Hypotheses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.2 Hypothesis Testing Issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
7.3 Decision-Making Risks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
7.4 Performing Hypothesis Testing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
7.5 Types of Hypothesis Tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Chapter 8 Hypothesis Testing: Z and t Tests. 157
8.1 Test for the Difference Between Two Proportions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
8.2 Test for the Difference Between the Means of Two Independent Groups . . . . 163
8.3 The Paired t Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
Chapter 9 Hypothesis Testing: Chi-Square Tests and the One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). 183
9.1 Chi-Square Test for Two-Way Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
9.2 One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA): Testing for the
Differences Among the Means of More Than Two Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Chapter 10 Simple Linear Regression. 211
10.1 Basics of Regression Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
10.2 Developing a Simple Linear Regression Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
10.3 Measures of Variation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
10.4 Inferences About the Slope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
10.5 Common Mistakes When Using Regression Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Chapter 11 Multiple Regression. 243
11.1 The Multiple Regression Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
11.2 Coefficient of Multiple Determination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
11.3 The Overall F Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
11.4 Residual Analysis for the Multiple Regression Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
11.5 Inferences Concerning the Population Regression Coefficients. . . . . . . . . . 248
Chapter 12 Introduction to Analytics. 259
12.1 Basic Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
12.2 Descriptive Analytics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
12.3 Typical Descriptive Analytics Visualizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Chapter 13 Predictive Analytics. 279
13.1 Predictive Analytics Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
13.2 More About Predictive Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
13.3 Tree Induction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
13.4 Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
13.5 Association Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Appendix A Microsoft Excel Operation and Configuration . 299
Appendix B Review of Arithmetic and Algebra. 301
Appendix C Statistical Tables. 311
Appendix D Spreadsheet Tips . 339
Appendix E Advanced Techniques. 343
Appendix F Documentation for Downloadable Files. 353
9780137654765, TOC, 4/25/2022