TABLE  OF CONTENTS

PART ONE:   ASPECTS OF NORMAL LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION

Chapter 1:   LANGUAGE AND HUMAN COMMUNICATION:  AN OVERVIEW

COMMUNICATION

Language

   Speech

Extralinguistic Aspects of Communication

A Bit More about the Relationships among Speech, Language, and Communication

COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE

Phonology

Semantics

Syntax

Morphology

Pragmatics

COMPREHENSION AND PRODUCTION

COMMUNICATION MODES

   Auditory-Oral System:  Hearing and Speech

   Visual-Graphic System:  Reading and Writing

Visual-Gestural Systems

BIOLOGICAL, COGNITIVE AND SOCIAL BASES OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION

Biological Bases of Communication

Cognitive Bases for Language

Social Bases of Human Communication

SUMMARY

Chapter 2:   NORMAL LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW

THE PRELINGUISTIC PERIOD: THE FIRST 12 MONTHS

Prelinguistic Communication Development

Prelinguistic Vocal Development

THE FIRST WORD PERIOD

Phonology

Semantics

Pragmatics

THE PERIOD OF TWO-WORD UTTERANCES

Semantic—Syntactic Development

Types of Two-word Utterances

THE PRESCHOOL YEARS AND BEYOND

Phonology

Semantics

Morphology

Syntax

Pragmatics

LANGUAGE, LITERACY, AND EDUCATION

Emergent Literacy and Preliteracy

School

SUMMARY

PART TWO:  CHILDREN WITH LANGUAGE DISORDERS

Chapter 3: TODDLERS AND PRESCHOOLERS WITH SPECIFIC LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT

IDENTIFICATION OF CHILDREN WITH LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT

Mental Age, Chronological Age, and Language Age

Normal Variation, Normal Distribution, and a Statistical Approach

Social Standard

Clinical Markers

Challenging and Changing the Child’s Language Performance

Risk Factors for Language Problems

AN OVERVIEW OF SPECIFIC LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT

Delay versus Disorder

Subgroups of Young Children with Specific Language Impairments

A Label for It and Reasons for It

Prevalence

Predicting Spontaneous Recovery from Early Language Delay

LANGUAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN WITH SPECIFIC LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT

Some Language Precursors

Phonology

Semantics

Syntax and Morphology

Pragmatics and Discourse

Socialization and Psychosocial Factors

Narratives

IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENTION

Assessment

Intervention

SUMMARY

Chapter 4: LANGUAGE AND CHILDREN WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES

Vijayachandra Ramachandra

AN OVERVIEW OF CHILDREN WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES

Labels and Terminology

Prevalence

Risk Factors

The Natural History of Learning Disabilities

LINGUISTIC ISSUES RELEVANT TO LEARNING DISABILITY

Metalinguistic Skills

Differences Between Spoken and Written Language

Differences in Developmental Expectations for Language Knowledge and Use

COMMUNICATION PROBLEMS IN CHILDREN WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES

Semantics

Grammar

Narratives

Pragmatics

Reading

Writing

Issues in General and Special Education

Psychosocial Problems and Reactions

The Collaborative Service Delivery Model

A Traditional Service Delivery Model

Intervention Strategies

SUMMARY

Chapter 5: ADOLESCENTS WITH LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT

AN UNDERRECOGNIZED GROUP WITH SIGNIFICANT PROBLEMS

Personal and Societal Costs of Adolescent Language Impairment

Reasons for Neglect and Underrecognition

LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT

Fo  Form

Content

Us  Use

 CHARACTERISTICS OF ADOLESCENTS WITH LANGUAGE IMPAIRMENT ASSESSMENT

Identif